Man's+Conquest+of+Space

Shelton, Willan R. //Man's Conquest of Space//. 2d Ed. ed. Washington: National Geographic Society, 1972. Print.

pg. 26-5th paragraph-1st column- -People watched events on other continents as they occurred, thanks to satellites that relayed TV pictures. -Meteorological satellites warned people of hurricanes as they formed. -Jet pilots routinely used satellite photpgraphs of weather along over-water routes pg. 26-6th paragraph-1st column- -By 1971 the global satellite communication system's 10000 circuits could handle more than 10,000,000 transoceanic calls annually -The cost of a 3-minute New York to London call had dropped from $9 to $5 pg. 76-1st paragraph-1st column -Arthur C. Clake- father of the communications satellite -British scientish, science fiction writer, co-author of the move 2001: A Space Odyssey pg, 94-95-Image Echo 2- communications satellite balloons enormously inside a dirigible hangar at Lakehurst, New Jersey, in a prelaunch test. Boost aloft in 1964, the plastic sphere inflated when residual air inside expanded in teh vacuum of space and a powder called pyrazole, warmed by the sun's heat, turned to gas. The satellite, 135 ft across, reflected radio signals beamed from earth. pg. 96-image -Via Satellite- becomes a byword in nation after nation as "talking moons" enter the heavens. In 1962, the 170 lb. experimental Telstar I-pioneered amplified singal relay satellites. -In early 1972 more than 80 countries belonged to the International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium (Intersal) -Later, posised over the Pacific, the 1578 lb. satellite let Americans watch telecasts in Feb. 1972 as Premier Chou En-lai played host during President Nixon's visit to the People's Republic of China pg. 102 -Weather satellites- in low polar and high equatorial orbits will blanket the globe in the 1970s. -A satellite 600 miles high orbits 14 times from pole to pole as the earth complete one revolution, in 12 hours all the earth's surface moves beneath it -Synchronous satellites 22300 miles above the Equator will keep constant weather watch. pg.8 -Novosibirsk in Siberia to Great Falls in Montana- the Russians astonished the world by launching the first artificial satellite on October 4, 1957. pg.10 -Later, half a world away, millions more heard the unchallengeable beep of the strange satellite on American radio and television. pg. 11 -Mood in the United States was one of sober disappointment that our own Vanguard satellite, then awaiting launch at Cape Canaveral. FL, had not led the way into space. -Russians had been first to succeed of satellites. As part of the International Geophysical Year of 1957-58, would attempt to send a satellite into orbit. pg. 13-14 Quote -"Overnight," Dr. Wernher von Braun said later, it became popular to question the bulwarks of our society, our public education system, our industrial strength, international policy, defense strategy and forces, the capability of our science and technology. Even the moral fiber of our people came under searching examination." pg.18 -the over-all space mission was broadly based and incorporated many aspects of exploration, from meteorology to communications, but its later directive to send a men into space was most eagerly embraced by the public. pg. 105 Image -endangered fauna-and men-gain help from Nimhus weather satellites. As pictures from space check ice conditions in the Baltic Sea, ships receive daily reports -In Wyoming, the first free-roaming animal tracked by satellite, an elk, carries an electronic collar linking her with Nimbus 3. This 1970 study promises new ecological techniques for convervation. pg. 106 image-World's most advanced satellite, America's ATS-F, made available to India for a year, ATS-F with its powerful signal will serve vilage receivers costing only a few 100 dollars each. Applications Technology Satellites, hovering in orbit 22,300 miles high, can reach most remote countries in the world. -Quote- Dr. John E. Naugle, NASA's associate administrator for the Office of Space Science and Applications, says that about 1200 packages of instruments, "have faced toward earth instead of outward toward space. They have provided us with long-distance communications, advance weather information, navigation guidance, and unique views of the earth's surface." ..."These automated craft have had truly dramatic impact on the world we live in. And vast new wealth may well be derived from growing industries based on satellite technology and from natural resources pinpointed by remote sensors. When you realize how rapidly instruments and spacecraft are growing in sophistication, you know that we have just begun." pg. 108 -Two U.S. processing stations- Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California- recieve about 100,000 miles of such tape every year. -By the early 1970s, engineer in both countries had created several generations of satellites, from simple short-lived workers to highly complex and long-lived professionals with brilliant computer brains. -An early task for satellites- that of communication between distant points on earth-was suggested in 1945 by Arther Clake. 13 years later, Score went up hunderds of miles and broadcast President Eisenhower's Christmas message to the world. pg. 109 -many other communications satellites or satcoms, followed after one of the most famous objects ever to circle the earth of August 1960 -Telstar-owned by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company - launched in July 1962-brought the coasts of the US and France within view, and a clear picture of the American flag ripping in a gentle breeze appeared on the television screen at the Pleumeur-Bodou receiving station more than 4200 miles away -recognizing the importance of worldwide communications, especially in small, remote countries, Congres in 1962 enacted a bill that led to establishment of the Communications Satellite Corporation- Comsat. -Publicly owned corporation eventually drew more than 80 nations into a network called the International Telecommunication Satellite Consortium-Intelsat -Synchronous satellite-a high-altitude satellite that appears to stand still pg 111 -two 1971 events demonstrated some of the interesting and important uses to which communications satellites can be assigned -June 17, when the treaty to restore the island of Okinawa to Japanese control was signed, the ceremony took place at twon distant points liked by a satellite television circuit pg 112 -US military, in putting up its initial set of 26 communication satellites, used several new techniques to save money: assembly line production of identical 100 pound models shaped like tops; the launch of a number at a time with one rocket; repair by remote control -recording images of the earth from has become a highly developed specialty of the military -satellites employing a technique known as "folded optics" can identify objects as small as a compact car -During the India-Paskistan War in December 1971, the Soviets were believed by US authorities to have dispatched two observation satellites over the area for a firsthand look at the military situation -Vela satellites, launched in pairs into an orbit 60000 miles high, look for radiation evidence of nuclear blasts, a monitoring job that helps make effective the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty -Midas satellites give early warning of missle launchings. -Another type of military satellite, useful for guiding submarines, has been available to navigators of civilian shi[s and aircraft since 1967 pg. 114 - A leading Soviet exponent of automated spacecraf, Petrov cited among notable recent achievements the docking in orbit of the unmanned Cosmos 186 and Cosmos 188 in 1967; the worldwide Meteor system, 4 meteorological satellites operating around the clock; and the new, 24-hour-a- day Molniya satcoms which relay long-distance telephone and radio-telephone communications anywhere in the Soviet Union Quote- "If we can receive the same information from automatic as from manned explorations," Boris Petrov told me, "we prefer the automatic ones, because they are definitely safer and cheaper." -while communication satellites hae been bringing people of widely separated countries closer together, meteorological satellites, or metsats, have been saving lives and property with early warnings of storms. Cloud pictures reveal hurricanes when they first begin to form, and follow their menacing progess day by day. pg 187 -the use of meteorological and communications satellites will continue to grow in the 1970s and they will become increasingly servicable. Expanded application of laser beams to communications functions might eventually relieve the present overcrowding of radio-frequency bands. Communications between nations can be greatly speeded and improved by satellites relay. In 1974 NASA plans experimental use of communications satellites to beam television signals directly to selected schools in the US as well as to widely scattered villages in India.